Readers of Hugh Thomas' "Conquest" or Kim MacQuarrie's "The Last Days of the Incas" or a host of other great books that provide sweeping narratives of how Spain seized its American Empire, may naturally ask the question, "What happened next?" Academics James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz provide the answers in their excellent collaboration, "Early Latin America." Admittedly, this book does not provide the reader with the compelling chronicle of the clash of civilizations that the conquest books do. The nature of running an empire (or two in this case, since the Portuguese empire of Brazil is also included) is quite a bit less exciting in scope than invasions and plunder. Nevertheless, those who do have an interest in how the imperialists put down the remnants of rebellion, how they administered the gigantic territories that they had conquered, and now the natives were integrated (or not) into the new American political-cultural reality, will certainly be pleased with Lockhart's and Schwartz's description and analysis of what is a very big subject.The book, part of the Cambridge Latin American Studies series, probably serves as a textbook; and, admittedly, the entries can be a bit dry at times. But the authors' survey of the differences between how the conquers' society worked and how that differed from the indigenous societies way of life is very well done. Also the way the imperialists began their rule and how that changed as a result of their living and learning is nicely explored, as are the differences between the various Spanish political units (Viceroyalties and provinces) and with the way the Portuguese operated in Brazil. Most fascinating for me was how different the ethnic makeup was of the various territories (whites dominating in some places such as Columbia; indigenous peoples and mixed-race "mestizos" having greater sway in Mexico and Peru; while blacks, both slaves and those who were free, having a big impact on the societies of Venezuela and Brazil, in particular.)Spanish America gradually turned away from its origins on the Iberian Peninsula, while Brazil did not. It was a difference that had a profound impact on how the eventual liberation struggles played out in the New World. This book clearly shows how and why.